How many kinases do humans have?
Based on the results from human genome project, at least 518 protein kinases are considered to be encoded in human genome2, and at least 70% of all human proteins are phosphorylated by these kinases3,4.
What is the biological function of a kinase?
Protein kinases (PTKs) are enzymes that regulate the biological activity of proteins by phosphorylation of specific amino acids with ATP as the source of phosphate, thereby inducing a conformational change from an inactive to an active form of the protein.
What is kinome tree?
Annotations of the phylogenetic tree of the human kinome is an intuitive way to visualize and navigate through the continuously growing knowledge in the protein kinase field such as the number of PDB structures, compound data or kinase disease associations.
Are there different types of kinase?
There are two kinases present in mammalian cells, SK1 and SK2. SK1 is more specific compared to SK2, and their expression patterns differ as well.
What is the purpose of kinase cascades?
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are universal signal transduction modules in eukaryotes, including yeasts, animals and plants. These protein phosphorylation cascades link extracellular stimuli to a wide range of cellular responses.
Why are kinases called kinases?
Kinases are transferases: they transfer a phosphate group from one organic molecule (usually ATP, the cell’s primary energy carrier) to another (a protein, lipid or carbohydrate). And this is actually the origin of the kin- part of the name: from the Greek kinein “to move”.
What is Kinome in cooking?
Kinome is a Japanese herb. It is whole leaves from the Japanese Prickly Ash (aka Szechuan Peppercorn) tree. The leaves have a bit of a citrus-fruit aroma, and a milder pepper taste than the berries (see Szechuan Peppercorns) do, with a hint of a mint-like and lime taste to boot.
What does NIB stand for in drugs?
The suffix “nib” indicates a small-molecule inhibitor (“nib” is verbal shorthand for “inhibit”) of kinase enzymes. More specifically, “tinib” is used for tyrosine kinase inhibitors, “anib” for angiogenesis inhibitors, and rafenib for rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma (RAF) kinase inhibitors.
How are kinases related in a tree diagram?
Each kinase is at the tip of a branch, and the similarity between various kinases is inversely related to the distance between their positions on the tree diagram. Most kinases fall into small families of highly related sequences, and most families are part of larger groups. The seven major groups are labeled and colored distinctly.
How many kinases are there in a family?
Most kinases fall into small families of highly related sequences, and most families are part of larger groups. The seven major groups are labeled and colored distinctly. Other kinases are shown in the center of the tree, colored gray.
Are there any other kinases in the CAMK group?
A new phylogeny of the protein kinase domains in the human genome based on our alignment indicates that ten kinases previously labeled as “OTHER” can be confidently placed into the CAMK group. These kinases comprise the Aurora kinases, Polo kinases, and calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase kinases.
Why is the phylogenetic tree important to the kinome?
This phylogenetic tree depicts the relationship between different members of the superfamily based on the sequence similarity of their catalytic domains. It became an iconic representation of the kinome due to its high graphic and artistic qualities.